英文論文大型企業危機管理

　　本英文論文范文，主要內容是解釋危機的定義與內容，以及危機管理對于企業作用，包括危機管理的挑戰，重要的問題，和戰略，以克服這些挑戰。《現代管理論壇》是一本為企業管理及相關理論服務的社會學期刊。該刊不僅涵蓋了管理理念，還涉及對不同業務與企業管理發展趨勢的解讀、討論與評價�！冬F代管理論壇》致力于為企業與員工提供高質量的獨特交流平臺，并通過將期刊傳遞的有價值信息應用于現實工作環境、通過將管理理念與實際經驗的有機結合來惠及企業及員工。

　　危機管理：大型企業的批判性分析

　　危機是一種不正常的情況，甚至是知覺，它超出了日常事務的范圍，而且威脅到組織的運作、安全和聲譽。危機管理是指組織管理一個廣泛的影響，如媒體關系，并使其開始復蘇。危機管理是一個必不可少的組成部分的公共關系專業，在實踐中，必須盡可能全面和細致。良好的危機管理的好處可以從字面上挽救生命，節省資金和拯救組織免受破壞。任何一個沒有準備好應對危機的組織都會不斷冒風險。研究論文主要集中在危機，危機管理的挑戰，重要的問題，和戰略，以克服這些挑戰。

　　A Crisis is an abnormal situation, or even perception, which is beyond the scope of everyday business and which threatens the operation, safety and reputation of an organisation. Crisis management is the process by which the organisation manages a wider impact, such as media relations, and enables it to commence recovery.Crisis management is an essential component of the public relations profession and when in practice, must be used as comprehensive and meticulous as possible. The benefits of good crisis management can literally save lives, save money and save an organization from devastation. Any organization that isn't prepared for a crisis will be constantly at risk. The research paper basically focuses on the crisis, challenges of crisis management, important issues, and strategies to overcome such challenges.

　　Introduction:簡介

　　Crises can strike any company at any time. Cadbury, Reliance, Pepsi and the tobacco industry are some of the most recent companies that can attest to this fact, but they are not the only ones. Crises do not discriminate based on a company's size or notoriety, and they can hit when a company least expects them. They come in many forms - strikes, layoffs, product recalls or allegations of misconduct, but while some of these may seem small, every crisis has the potential to damage the reputation of a company.

　　Regardless of the severity of the situation, crises pose a serious threat to companies - not only to their reputation but their fiscal health as well. When Odwalla's apple juice was thought to be the cause of an outbreak of E. coli bacteria, the company lost a third of its market value. The same allegation against Jack in the Box restaurant in 1993 caused the hamburger chain's stock price to fall from $14 a share to nearly $3 a share. On the other hand, some companies emerge from crises unscathed in the eyes of consumers and investors. Johnson and Johnson is one such company. After it was discovered that its Tylenol capsules had been laced with cyanide, Johnson and Johnson reacted in such an effective way that the case is now well-documented as an example of successful crisis management.

　　The factor that determines how a company will withstand a crisis is its ability to respond to the crisis. 'The public forgives accidents, but it doesn't forgive a corporation if its response to the public is inadequate.'Once a crisis occurs, the company is suddenly a target for the media, who are acting on behalf of the public to find out the answers to the important questions about their own safety.

　　What is Crisis?

　　Crisis is major, unpredictable event that threatens to harm an operation, staff, customers, reputation or the legal and financial status of an organization.

　　What is Crisis Management?

　　Crisis Management is the systematic attempt to avoid organizational crisis, or to manage those crises events that do occur.

　　Crisis management is the process by which an organization deals with a major unpredictable event that threatens to harm the organization, its stakeholders, or the general public.

　　Natural crises, typically natural disasters considered as 'acts of God,' are such environmental phenomena as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tornadoes and hurricanes, floods, landslides, tidal waves, storms, and droughts that threaten life, property, and the environment itself.

　　Industrial Accident:

　　Construction collapse, Fire, and Toxic release.

　　Technological crises:

　　Technological crises are caused by human application of science and technology. Technological accidents inevitably occur when technology becomes complex and coupled and something goes wrong in the system as a whole (Technological breakdowns). Some technological crises occur when human error causes disruptions (Human breakdowns). People tend to assign blame for a technological disaster because technology is subject to human manipulation whereas they do not hold anyone responsible for natural disaster. When an accident creates significant environmental damage, the crisis is categorized as mega damage. Samples include software failures, industrial accidents, and oil spills.

　　Product or Service failure:

　　Communication failure, System failure, Machine failure.

　　Business and management:

　　Hostile takeover, sudden strike by workforce or key supplier, Major customer withdraws its support, competitor's launches new product, Sudden shortfall in demand.

　　Examples of crisis management:

　　Reliance Power IPO.

　　Cadbury India in the year-2004.

　　Pepsi.

　　Bhopal disaster.

　　Importance of Crisis Management:

　　Crisis management is an essential component of the public relations profession and when in practice, must be used as comprehensive and meticulous as possible.

　　The benefits of good crisis management can literally save lives, save money and save an organization from devastation.

　　Any organization that isn't prepared for a crisis will be constantly at risk.

　　Successful Crisis Management:

　　Reliance Power IPO.

　　Cadbury India in the year-2004.

　　Pepsi.

　　Unsuccessful Crisis Management:

　　Bhopal

　　Ford and Firestone Tire and Rubber Company

　　Exxon

　　How to make successful Crisis Management:

　　Identify the problem

　　What is the crisis? Define it. Not what caused it or who is to blame but rather what it is in clear terms. This can also be referred to as the problem statement.

　　Create a team

　　Now that the crisis is defined, what areas does it touch? Assemble a team with the owners of the subject matter experts in each of those areas. For a business this generally means: executive management with a representative, marketing/product management, operations, legal, human resources, information technology, finance, PR or media relations sales and research & development. If any of these functions are not necessary, do not include them in the team just to fill a seat. For other organizations such as non-profits it may include: executive leadership, development, IT, member relations, finance, PR or media relations, human resources and marketing.

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